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'''Balochi''' (also ''Baluchi'', ''Baloci'' or ''Baluci'') is a Northwestern [[Iranian language]]<ref> Encyclopedia Iranica spoken in [[Afghanistan]] & [[Iran]][http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v7f6/v7f659.html]</ref>. It is the principal [[language]] of the [[Baloch]] of [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]], eastern [[Iran]] and southern [[Afghanistan]]. It is also spoken as a second language by some [[Brahui people|Brahui]]. It is designated as one of nine official languages of Pakistan.

==Dialects==


[[Balochi]] has several dialects. The [[Ethnologue]] lists three major dialects: Eastern Balochi, Western Balochi and Southern Balochi while the [[Encyclopedia Iranica]] (from Elfenbein) lists six major dialects: Rakhshani (subdialects: [[Kalati]], [[Panjguri]] and [[Sarhaddi]]), [[Saravani]], [[Lashari]], [[Kechi]], [[Coastal Dialect]]s, and [[Eastern Hill Balochi]].

==Phonology==
<!--Could someone please work the vowels into a vowel chart? I don't know exactly how to lay it all out. Thanks.-->
===Vowels=== 
a, i, u, aː, iː, eː, uː, oː

===Diphthongs===
ai, au, aːi

===Consonants===
[[Image:Moderniranianlanguagesmap24.PNG|thumb|250px|Geographic distribution of [[Iranian languages]]. Balochi is represented as yellow.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]*
| p b|| t d || ʈ ɖ ||ʧ ʤ|| k g ||
|- align="center"
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]**
|  || s z || || ʃ ʒ||  || h}}
|- align="center"
![[Trill consonant|Trill]] 
| || r || ɽ}} || || || 
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] 
| m || n || || || ŋ || 
|- align="center"
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] 
| w || l || || j||  || 
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Allophones for syllable final (-b, -t, -d) → (-v, -θ, -ð) (Eastern Hill Balochi only)

<nowiki>**</nowiki>Fricatives in unassimilated loanwords: f, x, ɣ

==Grammar==

The normal word order is [[Subject Object Verb]]. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi has [[split ergativity]]. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative.  In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as [[oblique case|oblique]], and the verb agrees with the object.<ref>[http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/balochi.html Balochi<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

== History ==
Balochi is closely related to other Northwestern Iranian languages such as [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] maybe due to a large removal of [[Kurmanci]] Kurdish tribes from [[Aleppo]] to Baluchistan.

== Writing system==
Before the 19th century, Balochi was an unwritten language. The official written language was Persian although Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts. British linguists and political historians wrote form with the Roman script, but following independence of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted [[Perso-Arabic script]]. In Afghanistan, Balochi is written in a modified Arabic script based on what is used for [[Pashto language|Pashto]].

===Baluchi Roman orthography===
The following Latin-script based orthography was adopted in the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, May 28-30, 2000).

Alphabetical Order:

a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw 

(33 letters and 2 diphthongs)

A/a amb (mango), angúr (grape), bagg (camel-caravan), sardar (naked-head), namb (mist)

Á/á dár (wood), árt (flour), bahá (price), pád (foot), áhag (to come), áhán (them)

B/b (be) barp (snow, ice), bám (dawn), bágpán (gardner), baktáwar (lucky)

C/c (che) cattr (umbrella), bacc (son), kárc (knife), Karácí, Kulánc, Cákar, Bálác

D/d (de) dard (pain), drad (rainshower), dárú (medicine), wád (salt)

Ď/ď is same as Ř/ř (ře) so this latter is preferably used to simplify the orthography.

E/e eš (this), cer (below), eraht (end of date harvest), pešraw (leader, forerunner), kamer (ploughshare)

F/f (fe) To be used only in loan words where its use is inevitable, like Fráns (France), fármaysí (pharmacy)

G/g (ge) gapp (talk), ganok (mad), bág (garden), bagg (herd of camels), pádag (foot), Bagdád (Baghdad)

Ĝ/ĝ (like ĝhaen in Perso-Arabic script) Only in loan words and in eastern dialects

H/h (he) hár (flood), máh (moon), koh (mountain), mahár (rein), hon (blood)

I/i (i) istál (star), idá (here), pit/piss (father), bigir (take), kirr (near)

Í/í (í) ímmán (faith), šír (milk), pakír (beggar), samín (breeze), gálí (carpet)

J/j (je) jang (war), janag (to beat), jing (lark), ganj (treasure), sajjí (roasted meat)

K/k (ke) Kirmán (Kirman), kárc (knife), náko (uncle), gwask (calf), kasán (small)

L/l (le) láp (stomach), gal (joy), gall (party, organization), gull (cheek), gul (rose)

M/m (me) mát/más (mother), bám (dawn), camm (eye), mastir (leader, bigger).

N/n (ne) nán/nagan/nagan (bread), nok (new, new moon), dann (outside), kwahn (old), náko (uncle)

O/o (o) oštag (to stop), ožnág (swim), roc (sun), dor (pain), socag (to burn)

P/p (pe) Pád (foot), šap (night), šapád (bare-footed), gapp (talk), aptád (70)

Q/q (qú) Used in loan words, like Qábús

R/r (re) Rustum (a name), rek (sand), barag (to take away), girag (to get), garrag (to bray), gurrag (to roar), šarr (good), sarag (head), sarrag (a kind of donkey's braying)

Ř/ř (ře) řák (post), řukkál (famine), gařř (urial), guřř (last), guřřag (to chop).

S/s (se) sarag (head), kass (someone), kasán (little), bass (enough), ás (fire)

Š/š (še) šap (night), šád (happy), meš (sheep), šuwánag (shepherd), wašš (happy, tasty). 

T/t (te) tagird (mat), tahná (alone) tás (bowl), kilítt (kay), masítt (mosque), battí (lantern)

Ť/ť (ťe) ťung (hole), ťíllo (bell), baťť (cooked rice), baťťág (eggplant).

U/u uštir (camel), šumá (you), ustád (teacher), gužn (hunger), buz (goat)

Ú/ú (ú, sounds like the "oo" in English word "root") úrt (thin), zúrag (to take), bizú (take), dúr (distant) 

V/v (ve) used in loanwords only, like in the English word service, very.

W/w (we) warag (food, to eat), wardin (provision), dawár (abode), wád (salt), kawwás (learned)

X/x (khe) Xudá (God), 

Y/y (ye) yád (remembrance), yár (friend), yázdah (eleven), biryání (roasted meat), raydyo (radio), yakk (one)

Z/z (ze) zarr (monay), zí (yesterday), muzz (wages), moz (banana), nazzíkk (nearby), bazgar (tenant)

Ž/ž (že) žand (tired), žáng (bells), pažm (wool), gažžag (to swell), gužnag (hungry).

ay (h)ayrán (surprise), ayrát (distribution), say (3), may (our), kay (who), šumay (your)

Aw/aw kawr (river), hawr (rain), kissaw (story), dawl (sort), dawr (jump), awlád (off-spring), kawl (promise), gawk (neck).

==See also==
*[[Baloch]]
*[[Baloch people#Languages|Other languages spoken by the Baloch]]
*[[:Template:Iranian Languages|Iranian Languages vocabulary comparison table]]

==References==


==External links==
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90030 Ethnologue report on Balochi]
*[http://users.tpg.com.au/users/goshti Balochi language]
*[http://www.eurobaluchi.com Baluchi alphabet, grammar and music]
===Dictionaries===
* http://www.eurobaluchi.com/dictionary/index.htm Balochi to English, Persian, Spanish, Finnish and Swedish
*[http://www.ijunoon.com/balochidic/ Balochi Dictionary] English to Balochi Dictionary
[[رده:علوم انسانی]]
[[رده:زبان شناسی]]